• Skip to primary navigation
  • Skip to main content
  • Skip to primary sidebar
  • Skip to footer

Financial Panther

Financial Independence, Side Hustling, and Ebikes

  • Home
  • About
  • Blog
  • Side Hustle Reports
  • Best Credit Card Offers
  • Current Money Bonuses
  • 70+ Side Hustle Apps/Gigs
  • Bank Account Bonuses
  • Ebikes
  • Archives
peak money app review

Peak Money App Review – A Free Goal-Based Savings App (And The Best Alternative To Qapital)

Last Updated on January 4, 2023July 19, 2020 4 Comments
This post may contain affiliate links. Affiliate Disclosure.This post may contain affiliate links. Financial Panther has partnered with AwardWallet and CardRatings for our coverage of credit card products. Financial Panther, AwardWallet, and CardRatings may receive a commission from card issuers. Some or all of the card offers that appear on the website are from advertisers. Compensation may impact on how and where card products appear on the site. The site does not include all card companies, or all available card offers. Opinions, reviews, analyses & recommendations are the author’s alone, and have not been reviewed, endorsed or approved by any of these entities.

Update: Unfortunately, Peak Money recently announced that it would be closing effective April 13, 2022, due to what it calls “unforeseen circumstances.” Now that Peak Money is closing, there aren’t any particularly good free alternatives for this type of microsavings app. I’m likely going to transition back to Qapital for my goals-based and round-up savings because I have a lifetime free membership to it since I was one of the first users (you can check out what Qapital is all about here). 

It’s been a while since I’ve written about new fintech apps, so today, I thought I’d share a review of Peak Money, a fintech app that I’ve been using since early 2019.

If you’re a regular reader of this blog, you know that one of the most important keys to a successful money system is automation – that is, you need to do everything you can to automate where your money goes. For me, every dollar I earn goes into my primary checking account. From there, I have various systems in place that automatically funnel my income into different savings and investment accounts. By making things automatic, I’m able to save money each month without having to think about it.

An additional layer I like to use in my money system is microsaving via microsavings apps. These are fintech apps that monitor your bank accounts and credit cards and automatically pull out small sums of money that you likely won’t notice. It’s microsavings, so by its very nature, the amount you save will be relatively small. But, it’s still an important layer to my money system because it helps me squeeze just a little bit more savings out of my budget.

There are two types of microsaving apps that I use. These include the following:

  • Round-Up Apps. These are apps that monitor my credit card transactions and round up each transaction to the nearest dollar. They then take the spare change and put that money into a separate savings account. Think of these apps as an online piggy bank for your spare change.
  • Sweep Apps. Sweep apps are apps that monitor your checking account and analyze your daily and weekly income and spending. Using special algorithms, these apps will then pull small amounts out of your checking account that they think you won’t notice and set them aside for you in a separate savings account. I call these “sweep” apps because they’re essentially sweeping excess money out of your checking account and setting it aside for you. 

When combined, these two types of microsaving apps can help you increase your savings, all without noticing that you’re setting aside money for the future.

In the past, there were two apps that I used for these functions. Digit worked as my sweep app and Qapital worked as my round-up app, Unfortunately, both of these apps started charging monthly fees, so I stopped using them in favor of free alternatives. Out of principle, I don’t believe that you should have to pay any fees in order to save your own money. 

It didn’t take me long to find a free, sweep app alternative. I currently use Albert, a free savings app that does exactly the same thing that Digit does. You can read more about Albert in my post: Albert App Review: The Ultimate Review and Everything You Need to Know About This Savings App. 

Finding a free round-up app took more time, but ultimately, I discovered Peak. I’ve now been using it for over a year and have been very happy with it.

In this post, I’ll be taking a look at Peak Money, diving into how Peak works, and explaining why I think Peak is a good app to add to your money system.

In This Post
  • What Is Peak Money?
  • How Peak Money Works
  • How I Use Peak Money As Part Of My Money System – The Round-Up Feature
  • The Important Reason I Recommend Peak – It’s 100% Free
  • Final Thoughts

What Is Peak Money?

When it comes to microsavings apps, I have basically one criterion that has to be met – the app has to be 100% free. For a long time, Qapital worked perfectly for my microsaving system. I could create different savings goals and it monitored my spending and rounded up my transactions to the nearest dollar, saving the spare change for me in a separate savings account. It did all of this in a gorgeously designed app. Unfortunately, Qapital, after promising to never charge a monthly fee, ended up doing exactly that, which meant that I had to find a new app that could do what Qapital did.

That’s when I stumbled onto Peak. I’d actually known about Peak from earlier research, but when I first discovered Peak, they charged a monthly subscription fee. To my surprise though, when I found Peak the second time around, I discovered that they opted to remove the monthly subscription fee, making Peak a 100% free app. That was a game-changer.

So what is Peak Money? The short of it is that Peak is a savings app that you can use to save for different long-term or short-term goals. Peak isn’t a bank itself, but all of your money is stored in an FDIC-insured bank account. It’s easiest to think of Peak as a savings app built on top of a bank. 

Here’s an explainer video from Peak so you can get a sense of what Peak is and what it’s all about: 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ENoajbVjEOY

 

How Peak Money Works

Peak’s primary feature is the ability to automate savings for various goals, which the app naturally calls “Peaks.” Each peak is essentially a new savings bucket for whatever it is you’re saving up for. For example, if you are looking to take a vacation in a year, you can figure out how much you need to save and automate weekly or monthly savings towards that goal.

Even better is if you use an app like Peak for recurring annual expenses that you know come due every year. For example, if you have an insurance bill that you know you have to pay each year, simply set a goal for that amount and automatically save for it each year. When it comes time to pay your bill, you’ll have the money set aside specifically for that purpose.

Creating a new peak is simple enough. First, you create a new peak and give it a name. Then you enter how much you need to save and how long you have to save for it. Finally, you set up automatic transfers into your new peak. It should only take a few seconds to do this.

peak money app review
Creating a new savings goal – or “peak”

Your peaks can all be seen on the main screen, with each peak represented by a different picture of a mountain. You can customize how this looks by changing the color and size to whatever preference you have. If I have a criticism here, it’s that I would prefer to be able to set my own picture, rather than using the mountain picture, since I like being able to see my goals visually.

Here’s an example of some of the peaks I have created in my own account: 

peak money app review

The money in your Peak account earns “Peak Rewards,” which is basically the same thing as interest. As long as you have at least $1 in your Peak account, you’ll earn Peak Rewards of 0.5% per year, distributed quarterly. This obviously isn’t a lot of interest, but since I use my Peak account for short-term savings goals and I’m not keeping huge amounts of cash in it, the interest I earn on my Peak savings is basically insignificant (just as an example, if I had $1,000 earning 1% interest, I’d make $10 per year; if I have $1,000 earnings 0.5% interest, that’s $5 per year or a difference of $5 in an entire year).

How I Use Peak Money As Part Of My Money System – The Round-Up Feature

The most important feature for me – and the reason Peak is an integral part of my money system – is the round-up feature. When this feature is activated, Peak will monitor your credit cards, then round up every transaction you make to the nearest dollar. Peak will then save that spare change into your Peak account.

An example will help explain how round-ups work. Let’s say you buy a soda for $1.75. Peak will automatically monitor this transaction and round up the transaction to $2. Peak will then withdraw the remaining 25 cents from your bank account and set it aside for you in your Peak account. I like to think of it as the digital equivalent of a piggy bank or spare change jar that you might have in your room. As anyone who has kept this spare change jar knows, it’s always surprising how much money makes it into that jar without you even realizing it.

To set up the Peak feature, you simply tap the Peak logo in the top right corner of the app, activate the round-up feature, choose which accounts you want Peak to monitor for round-ups, and then allocate which Peak savings goal you’d like Peak to save your round-ups into. I have all of my Peak round-ups go into a Peak that I’ve labeled as “Emergency Fund.” 

One thing to note is that Peak will monitor your round-ups until you’ve hit $5 of total round-ups. Once you hit $5 or more in round-ups, Peak will initiate a withdrawal from your bank account and set that money aside into your Peak account. 

peak money app review
A look at my round-ups over the past year.

The Important Reason I Recommend Peak – It’s 100% Free 

I think it bears repeating, but the reason I find Peak superior to any other similar app is due to the fact that it’s totally free. Peak doesn’t charge any monthly fees and they don’t try to sell you on anything either.

There are a few other apps with a similar round-up feature to Peak, but I think they’re all inferior compared to what Peak offers. Qapital, as discussed before, was a great app that worked perfectly for goal-based savings and microsavings, but they now charge anywhere from $3 to $12 per month to use their app. That’s untenable for me. 

Another app with a round-up feature is Acorns, which is a pretty popular app in the fintech world. Unlike Peak, Acorns takes your spare change and invests it for you in a diversified, low-cost portfolio. The problem is that Acorns charges $1 per month or $12 per year to use their app. That might not seem like much, but it’s a huge amount when you think about how much spare change you’ll save over the course of a year. For most people, charging $1 per month will basically amount to a 6-10% annual fee. That’s way too high. 

Instead, if you want to replicate what Acorns does, you can do it for free by combining Peak with a free investing app such as M1 Finance. Simply have Peak round up your transactions, then every month, transfer all your spare change into M1 Finance. You’ll get the exact same thing Acorns does but at no cost. (Related: How To Make Your Own Free Version Of Acorns)

Personally, I don’t think it’s particularly meaningful to invest your spare change. Instead, I prefer saving it and adding it towards various short-term goals or at least using that spare change as a way to bolster my emergency fund. 

Final Thoughts 

In conclusion, I think Peak is a great app that’s definitely worth including in your money system. I’d recommend using Peak for short-term savings goals where you want to create a new savings bucket quickly and easily on your phone. For longer-term goals, I’d recommend creating sub-savings accounts in a high-yield savings account (so things like a house fund or really large savings goals should go in a traditional high-yield savings account). 

The main reason to use Peak, however, is for the round-up feature. Add Peak into your money system and round up all of your daily transactions. You’ll find that it’s an easy way to increase your savings without even noticing it. If you combine Peak with a free app like Albert, you’ll have a nice microsaving system in place. You can check out Peak Money on their website. 

Update: Previously, Peak was only available on iOS, but it’s now available on iOS, Android, and can be accessed on your computer as well.

This post may contain affiliate links. Financial Panther has partnered with AwardWallet and CardRatings for our coverage of credit card products. Financial Panther, AwardWallet, and CardRatings may receive a commission from card issuers. Some or all of the card offers that appear on the website are from advertisers. Compensation may impact on how and where card products appear on the site. The site does not include all card companies, or all available card offers. Opinions, reviews, analyses & recommendations are the author’s alone, and have not been reviewed, endorsed or approved by any of these entities.

More Recommended Ebike/Scooters

Check out these other ebikes and scooters I've reviewed:

  • Urban Arrow Ebike – Last year, I made one of the largest purchases I’ve ever made – I bought a $9,000 electric cargo bike from Urban Arrow. In my Urban Arrow review, I will discuss what it is and why I decided to buy this bike, as well as discuss how impactful a bike like this can be on your journey to financial independence.
  • Troxus Explorer Step-Thru Ebike – The Troxus Explorer Step-Thru is a fat-tire ebike that I’ve had the pleasure of riding for a while now. It has amazing power, great looks, and awesome range. If you’re looking for a great fat-tire ebike that offers a lot for the price, the Troxus Explorer Step-Thru is definitely one for you to consider. Check out my Troxus Explorer Step-Thru Review.
  • Hovsco HovBeta Ebike – The HovBeta is a folding ebike with great specs and a lot of interesting features, and importantly, it’s sold at a good price point. I’ve had a blast commuting with it and using it to do deliveries with DoorDash, Uber Eats, and Grubhub. Check out my Hovsco HovBeta Ebike Review.
  • Vanpowers Manidae Ebike – The Vanpowers Manidae is a fat tire ebike that I’ve been riding as my primary winter commuting bike and have also been using it to do food delivery with apps like DoorDash, Uber Eats, and Grubhub. After clocking in a decent number of miles with this ebike, I wanted to write a post sharing what my experience with the Vanpowers Manidae ebike has been like. Check out my Vanpowers Manidae Review.
  • Sohamo S3 Step-Thru Folding EBike Review – A Great Value Folding Ebike – The Sohamo S3 Step-Thru Folding Ebike is an entry-level folding ebike that offers a lot of value for the price point. I’ve been riding the Sohamo S3 for a while now, putting the bike through its paces, and I have to say, this bike has exceeded all of my expectations. Check out my Sohamo Review.
  • KBO Flip Ebike – The KBO Flip is an excellent bike. I’ve had a great time riding it and think it’s a versatile bike that can be used for a lot of purposes and can fit a variety of lifestyles. It’s worked out great for me as a general commuter bike and as a food delivery bike. Check out my KBO Flip Review.
  • Hiboy P7 Commuter Ebike – The Hiboy P7 is an excellent electric commuter bike that’s offered at an affordable price point. The range and speed of this bike are both very good, so you won’t have any trouble getting anywhere you need to go with it. As a food delivery vehicle, this is also good – with how much range it offers, you’ll be able to work all day on a single charge. Check out my Hiboy P7 Commuter Electric Bike Review.
  • Himiway Escape Ebike – The Himiway Escape is an interesting bike for anyone looking for a moped-style ebike. If you’re a gig economy worker, the Himiway Escape is particularly interesting and it’s possible to think of it as an investment, especially if you can opt to do deliveries with the Himiway versus using a car. It’s not cheap, but you can definitely make your money back when you compare the mileage you’ll put on your car versus using an ebike. Check out my Himiway Escape Bike Review.
  • Espin Sport Ebike – The Espin Sport is a good ebike for someone who is looking for an ebike that feels and rides more like a regular bike. There are many ebikes that are really only bikes in name. In reality, they’re basically electric mopeds. The Espin Sport, by contrast, is a bike you could probably ride without the battery and you’d feel like you’re just riding a regular bike. Check out my Espin Sport Review.
  • Varla Eagle One Scooter – The Varla Eagle One is an excellent scooter that can make sense for a lot of people. It can work as a primary mode of transportation. You can use it to work on gig economy apps like DoorDash, Uber Eats, and Grubhub. And it can also be a recreational vehicle if you’d prefer to use it for that. Check out my Varla Eagle One Review.
  • Varla Falcon Scooter – The Varla Falcon is an excellent scooter that offers a good amount of power at a lower price point compared to more powerful scooters. It’s not exactly an entry-level scooter, nor is it a high-powered scooter. I think it fits somewhere in-between those two categories – an intermediate scooter if I had to give it a category. Check out my Varla Falcon Review.
  • Hiboy S2 Scooter – The Hiboy S2 is an excellent entry-level commuter scooter that's perfect for someone looking to save some money in transportation costs and improve their commute. Check out my Hiboy S2 Review.
  • Hiboy S2R Scooter – The Hiboy S2R is one of the more interesting electric scooters I’ve been able to test out. It’s not a high-powered scooter, but for an everyday transport option, it’s very useful, especially given some of the unique features that it has. Indeed, for the price, the Hiboy S2R might be the best value scooter I’ve used. Check out my Hiboy S2R Review.
  • Fucare H3 Scooter – The Fucare H3 is a fun scooter and I’ve enjoyed testing it out. For a daily commuter or quick trips or errands, the Fucare H3 is probably the scooter I’ll use. It’s portable and easy to maneuver, so it’s just easier to take on the road when I need it. Check out my Fucare H3 Scooter Review.

More Recommended Investing App Bonuses

For additional investing app bonuses, be sure to check out the ones below:

  • M1 Finance ($100) – This is a great robo-advisor that has no fees and allows you to create a customized portfolio based on your risk tolerance. You also get $100 for opening an account. Check out my M1 Finance Referral Bonus – Step-By-Step Guide.
  • SoFi Invest ($25) – SoFi Invest is an easy brokerage account bonus that you can earn with just a few minutes of work. Use my SoFi Invest referral link, fund your SoFi Invest brokerage account with just $10 and you’ll get $25 of free stock. I also have a step-by-step guide for the SoFi Invest referral bonus.
  • Webull (20 free stock shares) – Webull's current promotion gives you 20 free shares valued between $3-$3,000 each if you open an account using my referral link. Here’s a guide I wrote about how to earn your free shares using Webull.
  • Moomoo (15 free stocks) – Moomoo is a free investing app currently offering 2 different referral bonuses if you open an account using a referral link. Read my Moomoo referral bonus guide for more information.
  • Robinhood (1 free stock) – Robinhood gives you a free stock valued between $2.50-$225 if you open an account using my referral link.
  • Public (1 free stock) - Public gives you a free stock valued between $3-$70 if you open an account using my referral link.

More Recommended Bank Account Bonuses

If you’re looking for more easy bank bonuses, check out the below options. These bonuses are all easy to earn and have no fees or minimum balance requirements to worry about.

  • Upgrade ($200) – Upgrade is a free checking account that’s currently offering a $200 referral bonus if you open an account and complete a direct deposit. These bonus terms are easy to meet, so it’s well worth doing this bonus as soon as you can. Here’s a post I wrote with more details: Upgrade $200 Referral Bonus – Step By Step Directions.
  • Ally Bank ($100) – Of all the banks out there, Ally is, without a doubt, my favorite. At the moment, Ally is offering $100 to customers who open an eligible Ally account and meet the requirements. Here are the step-by-step directions to earn your Ally Bank referral bonus.
  • Fairwinds Credit Union ($175) – Fairwinds Credit Union is offering a referral bonus for users that sign up using a referral link. Fairwinds has no fees or minimum balance, so this is a particularly easy bonus to earn. Since this is a smaller credit union, my gut instinct tells me this offer won’t be around long, so if you’re in a position to meet the bonus requirements, grab this bonus before it’s gone. Here is my step-by-step guide on how to earn your Fairwinds Credit Union bonus.
  • Chime ($100) - Chime is a free bank account that offers a referral bonus if you use a referral link and complete a direct deposit of $200 or more. In practice, any ACH transfer into this account triggers the bonus. This bonus is easy to earn and posts instantly, so you’ll know if you met the requirements as soon as you move money into the account. I wrote a step-by-step guide on how to earn your Chime referral bonus that I recommend you check out.
  • US Bank Business ($900) – This is a fairly easy bank bonus to earn, since there are no direct deposit requirements. In addition, you can open the Silver Business Checking account, which comes with no monthly fees. Check out how to earn this big bonus here.
  • GO2Bank ($50) - GO2Bank is an easy bank bonus that I recommend people take advantage of if they have an easy way of meeting the direct deposit requirement. I like that it’s easy to open the account and that the bonus pays out quickly. Check out my step-by-step guide on how to earn your GO2Bank $50 referral bonus.
  • Current ($50) – Current is a free fintech bank that’s offering new users a $50 referral bonus after signing up for an account using a referral link. Current is an easy bonus to earn and also gives you access to three savings accounts that pay you 4% interest on up to $2,000. That means you can put away up to $6,000 earning 4% interest. That’s very good and makes Current an account I recommend to everyone. Check out my step-by-step guide on how to earn your Current Bank bonus.
  • Novo Bank ($40) - Novo bank is a free business checking account that’s currently offering a $40 bonus if you open a Novo business checking account using a referral link. In addition to being a good bank bonus, Novo is also a good business checking account. It has no monthly fees or minimum balance requirements and operates a good app and website. Indeed, it’s the business checking account I currently use for this blog. Check out my post on how to easily open a Novo account.
  • Varo ($25) – Varo is a free fintech banking app similar to Chime or Current. It’s currently offering a $25 bonus to new users that open a new Varo account with a referral link. The bonus for this bank is very easy to meet, all you need to do is spend $20 within 30 days of opening your Varo account. Check out my step-by-step guide to learn how to earn this bonus.
financial panther

Kevin is an attorney and the blogger behind Financial Panther, a blog about personal finance, travel hacking, and side hustling using the gig economy. He paid off $87,000 worth of student loans in just 2.5 years by choosing not to live like a big shot lawyer.

Kevin is passionate about earning money using the gig economy and you can see all the ways he makes extra income every month in his side hustle reports.

Kevin is also big on using the latest fintech apps to improve his finances. Some of Kevin's favorite fintech apps include:

  • SoFi Money. A really good checking account with absolutely no fees. You'll get a $25 referral bonus if you open a SoFi Money account with a referral link, and an additional $300 if you complete a direct deposit.
  • 5% Savings Accounts. I'm currently getting 5.24% interest on my savings through a company called Raisin. Opening a Raisin account takes minutes to complete, it's free, and all of your funds are FDIC-insured. I explain how it works, why I'm now using it to store my emergency fund and any other cash savings I have, and why I recommend everyone check it out in this review.
  • US Bank Business. US Bank is currently offering new business customers a $900 signup bonus after opening a new account and meeting certain requirements.
  • M1 Finance. This is a great robo-advisor that has no fees and allows you to create a customized portfolio based on your risk tolerance. You also get $100 for opening an account.
  • Empower. One of best free apps you can use to monitor your portfolio and track your net worth. This is one of the apps I use to track my financial accounts.

Feel free to send Kevin a message here.

Filed Under: fintech, Saving

Reader Interactions

Comments

  1. Todd Meredith says

    April 12, 2022 at 5:11 pm

    After reading this article about PEAK a month or so ago i have been trying to create an account but always hit a wall after inputting my information. i have reached out several times each time being told that they were doing an update or something but today i was told they are done and going out of business! Really want to utilize a round up app! Thought you should know

    Copy of the email i got:

    We appreciate your efforts!

    Unfortunately we’ve had to make a difficult decision to close Peak after 4 years. A public announcement is forthcoming tomorrow.
    We certainly wish that we could have served you.
    Regards,
    Jason Young, COO

    Reply
    • Financial Panther says

      April 14, 2022 at 1:20 pm

      Thanks for letting me know. I just got that email as well saying they’re shutting down. It’s a bummer. Was a good app.

      Reply
  2. Clark says

    February 25, 2022 at 6:16 pm

    Wish there was a way to add my Apple Credit Card as a source for Peak to round up on. Back in the day I incurred this same problem with Mint Mobile, but Mint recently added support for the Apple Credit Card.

    Reply
  3. Rafa says

    May 23, 2021 at 10:18 pm

    Great strategy but I found there is no android app yet and they only allow you link two credit cards in a free account. If I link my discover card for example, they will take the round amount from the card ?

    Reply

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Primary Sidebar

Close
Side Hustle Income(View Reports)
chart-icon
$166,465
Get exclusive content delivered right to your inbox.
My Reviews
Bank Signup Bonuses (Step-by-Step)
Upgrade Bank Bonus ($200) Raisin Referral Bonus ($200) Ally Bank Bonus ($100) Fairwinds Credit Union Bonus ($175) Chime Bank Bonus ($100) US Bank Biz ($500/900) GO2Bank ($50) Current Bank Bonus ($50) Novo Business Bank Bonus ($40) Varo Bank Bonus ($25)
Other Signup Bonuses
M1 Finance ($100) Webull (20 shares) Moomoo (15 stock shares) SoFi Invest ($25) Arcadia Power ($25)
Side Hustle Reviews
Doordash Uber Eats Grubhub Rover Pet Sitting Wag Dog Walker Shipt Grocery Shopper Airbnb Lime Scooter Charger Observa IVueIt
Most Commented
Popular
  • Insight Card: A Step-By-Step Guide to 5% Interest(690)
  • Netspend Account: 5% Interest Savings and $20 Signup Bonus(680)
  • The Ultimate Guide to Bank Account Bonuses(142)
  • Bird Charger and Lime Juicer – Side Hustling As An Electric Scooter Charger(125)
  • My Postmates Review: Getting Paid To Bike Around Town(78)
  • I Quit My Job – Rejecting The Clear Career Path And Going Out On My Own(76)
  • Barista FIRE: Not Quite Financial Independence, But Pretty Close
  • The Reverse Latte Factor – How You Can Side Hustle Your Way To Financial Independence
  • Where To Get 5% Interest Savings Accounts Now That Insight Is Gone
  • Monetize Your Life And Get Paid To Live
  • The Ultimate Guide to Bank Account Bonuses
  • Over 600,000 Miles Earned In One Year – A Recap Of My First Year of Travel Hacking
Image of hands holding up phones
Personal Finance Blogs logo

Footer

Financial Independence, Side Hustling, and Ebikes

Company
About
Press
Media Kit
Contact

Resources
All Posts
Financial Independence
Side Hustles
Bank Bonuses
Ebikes
Deliveries
Articles

Legal
Privacy Policy
Disclaimer
Affiliate Policy

  • About
  • Blog
  • Side Hustle Reports
  • Best Credit Card Offers
  • Current Money Bonuses
  • 70+ Side Hustle Apps/Gigs
  • Bank Account Bonuses
  • Ebikes
  • Archives

Copyright © 2025 · Genesis Sample on Genesis Framework · WordPress · Log in

Financial Panther © 2024 All rights reserved.